Welcome to KatsMouse
The craftsman is a small businessman, a producer of goods or services. It is listed on the directory business. He can not use more than 10 employees. Under the Act of July 5, 1996, must be registered in the directory of business people who employ no more than ten employees and conduct business on their own production, processing, repair or service delivery 3 .
The list of professions that can perform as a craftsman is long (more than 250 trades):
Locksmith , body builder , baker , barber , tailor , carpenter , maker , jeweler , painter in words
.... Can be entered in the register of trades and provided not necessarily have the status of "Artisan" or the title of "Master Craftsman".
Indeed, being entered in the trade directory of Chamber of Trades and Crafts does not automatically give access to the label of qualification. Why a qualification? Among the values conveyed by the Crafts, quality is a vital concept, a key word Crafts. Treated as customer satisfaction, quality takes into account the expertise of the artisan, the products it manufactures and services it offers. Two songs, "Artisan" and "Master Craftsman", highlight the qualifications and experience of a professional Crafts. Both are guarantors of consumer identity and quality workmanship. It is a mark of excellence where talent and skill are the essence of a genuine requirement.
The quality of " Artisan "The quality of" Artisan "is recognized in law by the President of the Chamber of Trade to individuals, including company executives of corporations that justify or possession of a diploma or certified as practiced in the art ( CAP example), or six years of professional experience as an entrepreneur. The quality of "Artisan" is assigned in the same degree or title, and under the same terms, collaborating partners, spouses and associate members taking part personally and usually in the company's business.
The title " Master Craftsman ": The title of" Master Craftsman "is assigned by the President of the Chamber of Trades and Crafts natural persons including company executives and legal persons registered in the directory of business, the patent holders control exercised in the art, after 2 years of professional practice.
The title of "Master Craftsman" may be assigned by the regional board of qualifications to individuals including corporate officers of corporations, registered in the directory business, with a degree level training at least equivalent to the master exercised in the trade if they warrant it, after 2 years of professional practice, knowledge management and psychology equivalent to those modules corresponding master craftsman.
The title of master craftsman can also be assigned by the regional board of qualifications for persons registered in the directory business for at least ten years to justify, in the absence of qualification, know-how under the Promotion of Handicrafts or participation in training. This title gives business leaders the right to use the logo "Master Craftsman". These qualifications (plus the title of "Artisan Art" and "Master Craftsman Art") are issued only to industry professionals Trades following conditions governing the performance, depending on their length of activity and their schooling. Only those who possess these qualities or securities may freely use (letterheads, posters, advertising, display, ...). So no one can rely on the quality of Artisan or Craftsman Art or the title of Master Craftsman or Master Artisan Craftsmanship without having fulfilled the obligations prescribed by law, offenders' s exposing them to fines
Law No. 96-603 of 5 July 1996 on the development and promotion of trade and crafts : Only artisans, craftsmen, master craftsmen or persons registered trade and companies whose The socialist leader has the quality of artisan or craftsperson for the activity in question may use the word "artisan" and its derivatives for the name, brand, promotion and advertising company , product or service (Article 21-III of the Act of July 5, 1996). Section 24-I of the Act of July 5, 1996 prescribes a fine of 7,500 euros is to use the word "artisan" or a derivative thereof for the name, sign, the promotion or advertising of the company, product or service delivery without holding a craftsman.
Modern Style Art
Vase Daum ( Nancy ) 1900
The Art Nouveau is an art movement of the late xix th and early xx th century based on the aesthetics of curved lines. Born in reaction against the excesses of industrialization and excessive reproduction of sclerosing great styles, is a sudden, rapid, but also very short and powerful to experience as an international development corequisite: Tiffany (from Louis Comfort Tiffany in the U.S. ), Jugendstil Note 1 (Germany), Sezessionstil (Austria), Nieuwe Kunst (Netherlands), Stile Liberty (Italy), Modernism (Spain), Style fir (Switzerland) , Modern Style (in Russian)). The French term "Art Nouveau" has emerged in Britain, along with the Anglomania in France has spread the form Modern Style.
If it has shades of different countries, the criteria are common: Art Nouveau is characterized by inventiveness, the presence of rhythms, colors, decorations, inspired by trees, flowers, insects, animals, and introducing the sensitive in the everyday setting. It is also a total art in that it occupies all available space to build a personal universe considered favorable to the development of modern humans of the early xx th century . In France, Art Nouveau was also called by his detractors style noodle Note due shapes arabesque features, or the underground style , because the mouths of Parisian metro conducted in 1900 by Hector Guimard .
Emerged in the early 1890's , we can consider that from the 1905 Art Nouveau has already given the best of himself and that is past its peak 1 . Even before the First World War , the movement evolved into a more geometric style, characteristic of the artistic movement that will take over: the Art Deco ( 1920 - 1940 ).
A long way to get rid of classicism
Prince Arthur and the Fairy Queen , Henry Fuseli (1741-1825)
Expected since the end of the xviii th century , the search for a new art has crossed all the xix th century as a challenge to the classical language and all its codes. After the last Revolutionary Neoclassicism, is a kind of refusal to continue. While some continue so brilliant as Charles Garnier , many others are desperate to find a way out of the anguish of being stuck in imitation. For Rent Francis is the fundamental reason for the creation of a new Art.
The source is very old and the theme of Art Nouveau is already in the texts of the revolutionary theorists. And Claude Nicolas Ledoux is one of the first to ask this question of art is not imitating anything, but goes further by creating something completely original for a new civilization. It is also seen in the most unexpected forms as the return to the historicism that is other than a means of escape 2 .
The plates designed by Ernst Haeckel , as these shells, will be a source of inspiration for artists of Art Nouveau
The beginnings of this art can be seen as a painter Henry Fuseli , whose dreamlike painting contains the entire subject of Art Nouveau. Similarly Augustus Pugin , ranked among the artists of Gothic Revival, and lives in England around 1830 to 1850, has an extraordinary invention, which contains the saturation of the decorative Art Nouveau, freedom of form, the power of color, the struggle between architecture and decor that is a major artistic battles of the second half of the xix th century 2
Being one of the first to draw a multitude of shells, flowers, jelly, for scientific, Ernst Haeckel can be seen as another precursor of Art Nouveau. His work has inspired chandeliers shaped jellyfish Constant Roux for the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco . Actors Art Nouveau will often refer to this achievement as it was a shock for them, even if for Haekel it was just copies of reality 3 . Similarly, the monumental gateway to the French architect René Binet at the Universal Exhibition of 1900 inspired by the work of Haeckel.
The theoretical underpinnings of Art Nouveau appeared in Britain , with the emergence of the bustling Arts & Crafts and theories of William Morris , John Ruskin . Enemies of the excesses of industrialization and drying it involves creative, they advocate a return to the spirit of medieval guilds, the study of natural reason, the use of pure forms: regeneration Society will only be the truth forms that surround it and use it.
In France , the idea is more or less rational and more moral: Eugène Viollet-le-Duc does not reject modern material (including iron), but instead wants to display it by giving it an ornamental function and aesthetics, way structures Gothic of the Middle Ages . Paradoxically known as the leader of the movement Neo-Gothic , Viollet-le-Duc is the inspiration for many architects of Art Nouveau. Some of his works, including frescoes painted at Castle Roquetaillade (1850), are perfect examples of parentage between movement Gothic and Art Nouveau.
The beginnings of art nouveau
The Tassel built by Victor Horta in 1893 is considered the first building Art Nouveau
In 1893 was erected in Brussels , by Victor Horta , the Hotel Tassel , considered the first Art Nouveau building, where the fluidity of space echoes the curves vegetable investing ironwork, mosaics, frescoes and stained glass elements as structures that ornaments, in perfect line of Eugene Viollet-le-Duc . Horta designed a unique building with furniture that matches the rhythm of the walls and architecture, he designed the grounds of carpets, furniture designs: the birth of a Total Art .
At the end of xix th century , the artistic exchanges intensifies what is involved in the spread of the movement. From 1895 the journal of art and architecture are abundantly illustrated and spread new ideas. The development of means of communication allows architects to travel, and are forged strong ties between Vienna and Glasgow and as an architect Otto Wagner will receive the visit of Charles Rennie Mackintosh . Likewise, connections established between Brussels and Paris : Hector Guimard will be greatly influenced during a trip he made to show the architecture of Victor Horta, which led him to incorporate some of its forms in its own Architecture 1 .
Interior of the Tassel
The term "Art Nouveau" is used for the first time by Edmond Picard in 1894 in the Belgian journal L'Art moderne to describe the artistic production of Henry van de Velde . She goes into France , when on 26 December 1895 , she became the sign of the Art Gallery of Siegfried Bing , located 22, rue de Provence Paris . Y expose big names of the movements Symbolist and Art Nouveau: apart van de Velde include Munch , Rodin , Tiffany or Toulouse-Lautrec . Taking a more solitary, Hector Guimard is prolific figure of genius and isolated, creating his own universe, "style Guimard.
But it is Nancy 's going to be the finest collection of French Art Nouveau, when, not wishing to remain under German administration after the annexation of Alsace and Moselle in 1870 , many spend an appended Lorraine Lorraine French. Art Nouveau and became their means of expression of regionalism claimed. Émile Gallé , Daum Frères , Jacques Gruber and others, give a seat to the movement by creating the School of Nancy .
These authentic designers are quickly recaptured by the success of a fashion they are (unintentionally) the inspiration, and triumph at the Universal Exhibition of Paris in 1900 , including a toy-invasive (denounced by Bing and van de Velde), which long tarnish the memory of Art Nouveau.
A new way to express
It is based on ideas and ideals that arose the desire for a homogenous style that would find its expression not in uniformity, but diversity 4 . The new art contains the acceptance of gender differences and spirit among people, it makes a great generosity of thought. Thus, in the same city, Brussels, three architects have been living together: Paul Hankar , Henry van de Velde and Victor Horta . Rather than retreat into a style, it is foremost among the artists will find new ways to express one .
A youth arts
Graffito on Cauchie house . Brussels, 1905
Art Nouveau appears everywhere at the same time and Mario Praz to speak of "explosion" of "youth bulge." This current is the result of a generation of artists, often young ( Hector Guimard was under thirty when he designed the Paris Metro), and out of their ivory tower to take in hand the stage of life . The goal is to break with the exploitation of past styles to offer an alternative to historicism official who prevents the renewal forms.
The new art is a reaction to the obligation to do what is right, codified. Thus, reading the Staffe baroness , who wrote a treatise on morality to the education of middle classes, to better understand the society in 1900: everything is codified, the length of the veil of mourning to the map access through the kind of hat ... These rules will be intolerable to artists in the Art Nouveau movement, as he deems intolerable as art not agreed where it is impossible to identify in relation to the styles and conventions of the time 1 . In art there are new freedom to play, have fun, not caring, being unconventional: it is a sound art, happy, musical, this is not an art of silence, the austere 3.
More sensuality and eroticism of the art new scandal. If it carries a load manifest erotic, sensuality of plant forms as the over-use of the image of women in the ornamental repertoire are closely linked to this feeling of life that artists seek to restore in the everyday setting 1.
Lamp Tiffany & Co . Towards 1899-1902
Achieving unity of art and life, as was the stated goal of Art Nouveau 4 who believes that a lifestyle that meets the requirements of modern man from the beginning of xx th century . Another problem is to react against a drift due to the excessive industrialization and devoid of any capacity for invention. Taking nature as a reference, then it is reacting against the rationalism of the early industrial era, its cold efficiency and Puritan morality. The patterns are usually represented flowers, plants, trees, insects or animals, which allowed not only to bring in the beautiful houses, but also to raise awareness of the aesthetic in nature. If the reference to nature is a constant, the way these artists will discuss the natural patterns vary. Émile Gallé is an artist naturalist who inspired the stylized nature in very little, he uses his forms in the settings and furniture drawings. Other artists go a step further and recreate in ways they invent this feeling of sap flowing in the plant world. Are turned into organic forms that suggest a growing organization more than a specific model. This is for example the case of Guimard , of Gaudí and some German artists as August Endell that leave nature to evolve into a phenomenon of abstraction 1.
The artists will create original shapes, unpublished, invent a new vocabulary while taking into account the possibility of industrial reproduction. It is a reaction against both the industrialization evil thought, while integrating the desire for modernity. With the use of new materials and modern production facilities, one of the purposes for which it failed, was to address the greatest number.
With this in mind that the old materials such as wood, stone were married beautifully with the new as steel, glass. For each one, artists have pushed their research to the extreme to get the best. Thus pasta layered glass, stair railings to interlacing ironwork, wood furniture to the undulations have to make art available to all at an affordable price while maintaining a commitment to innovation formal, inspired by nature. This art is still tied to many patrons and propagates initially in a medium elitist bourgeois.
Many customers are for vases Gallé in social circles in Paris between 1896-99. But soon the popular success, especially in the field of displays, in fact something missing class and Art Nouveau will quickly assimilated to the emergence of the middle classes. Very soon devalued and undermined by the nationalists , it is totally dead in the higher circles in recent years. In contrast, in the French middle classes, the new art has a very long time, and extends into the 1920s as evidenced by the Exposition des Arts Decoratifs in 1925 where his influence is still sensitive 2 .
Musée Horta , Brussels
An art in the city
If the xx th century looming dreams of new and modern, it also realizes that this will cut into the modern man and nature. Everything happens as if it might escape artists and try to reintroduce it as naturally as possible in life. Art Nouveau is an art mainly urban, city that is simultaneously an echo in cities like Barcelona , Glasgow , Vienna , Paris or Brussels .
In France, Art Nouveau was deeply provincial. In France the Jacobins , where institutions are hyper, where everything is in place and nothing is discussed and where the official art is the Petit Palais , regarded as the absolute masterpiece in 1900, Art Nouveau does can not really find his place. He found at the margins, in cities like Lyon and especially Nancy , Alsace where Germanic culture meet the French in Parisian culture and give themselves the obligation to represent France abroad. Elsewhere it was as locked in the tradition of the Second Empire , except perhaps Lille 1 . Similarly Reims , a city rebuilt after the First World War , may be regarded as a city of Art Nouveau late 2 .
If there are rural homes Art Nouveau-inspired, they are often sponsored by the same people who build their mansion or hotel in the heart of the report of the city. The Art Nouveau inspired architecture course many Parisian buildings, but especially at times very carefully, many old villas in Millstone , built mostly in the early xx th century and that can be discovered during walks in the Paris suburbs, especially in the suburbs of Val de Marne , in the Essonne and Seine-Saint-Denis . These are characterized by their bold wrought iron decorations of their bricks and tiles, gables and sometimes their little tricks. It is in these suburbs that French architects are experimenting with new materials and new styles inaugurating the Art Nouveau, as opposed to the academic , wants total.
Art Nouveau pewter vase by Orivn, 1900.
The design of Art Nouveau furniture revived craft: it is the designer's individual style, calling into its center the artist's work and away from the machine. The major innovation in the field of interior design lies in the quest for unity. However, style does not escape some parallels with tradition, especially Gothic , Rococo and Baroque , Gothic and served as a theoretical model, the rococo example in the application of asymmetric and baroque source inspiration for the design of plastic shapes. For its part, the colorful art of Japan, through its highly linear processing volumes, also contributed heavily to the emancipation of Art Nouveau from enslavement to the symmetry of the Greek orders.
Wood took strange shapes and metal, in imitation of interleavings fluid nature, became tortuous. Indeed, ultimately, to the style is largely based on observation of nature, not only as regards ornament, but also from a structural perspective. Lines vital, sensual and undulating, irrigate the structure and take possession. Chairs and tables seem to be modeled in a material characteristic softness. Wherever possible, the straight line is banned and hidden structural divisions are benefiting from the solid line and movement. The finest achievements of Art Nouveau, the linear rhythm marked clearly within a harmony that brings them closer to the cabinet of the xviii th century .
In France, Art Nouveau comes in two schools, one in Paris around Samuel Bing and his store, the second in Nancy under the direction of Emile Galle (1846-1904). Nancy is that the affinities between rococo and Art Nouveau appear in the most convincing. Less glamorous, but part of the artistic personalities of the most prominent of the time, Louis Majorelle (1859-1926) is clearly the second leader of the current Art Nouveau in Nancy. The highlight was the Gallé inlay work, the reasons vary widely, ranging from plant to entries literary symbolic content. Typical for the production of this master is the transformation of structural elements in stems or branches ending in flower. Contrasting with the School of Nancy , Art Nouveau Parisian is lighter, more refined and austere. The grounds are naturally inspired a degree of stylization bigger, sometimes even a certain abstraction, and appear only marginally.
Example of Art Nouveau jewelry
The art of jewelry has been revitalized by the new art, the main source of inspiration is nature. This renovation was completed by the virtuosity attained in the work of the enamel and new materials such as the opal and other gemstones . The widespread interest brought to the Japanese art and the growing enthusiasm for the various techniques of metal processing, played a significant role in the new artistic approaches and themes of ornamentation.
During the two previous centuries, fine jewelry was centered on gemstones , particularly on the diamond . Jeweler's concern was mainly to form a suitable framework so that the stone shine. With Art Nouveau, a new type of jewelry is created, managed and motivated by the concept of artistic drawing, not giving more importance to the central gem stones.
The jewelers of Paris and Brussels were the main instigators of this change, giving a new lease that will quickly translate into a wide reputation in the Art Nouveau style. Contemporary French critics were unanimous: the art of jewelry was undergoing a radical transformation, and the master jeweler and glassmaker René Lalique was at its center. Lalique glorified nature in his creations, expanding his repertoire to include unconventional elements - include dragonflies and grasses - inspired by the drawings of Japanese art.
Jewelers wanted to stand out while placing the new style in a tradition, drawing inspiration from the Renaissance , believe gold jewelry including enamel and carved. In most designs enamel, precious stones yielded their predominant position, the diamonds being relegated to a subsidiary role in combination with more unusual materials such as glass shaped, ivory and horn. The perception of being a jeweler is changing, considered by his creations as an artist and not as a craftsman.
Paint
Melancholy, Georges de Feure
Louis Guingot , decidedly art nouveau painter, but unfortunately failed, was a member of the movement of the Ecole de Nancy . He used a technique of painting the glue very original. Also include Henri-Bellery Desfontaines , Jules Cheret , George of Feure , Victor Prouvé and Theophile Alexandre Steinlen , all artists who dedicated themselves as much to painting, lithography and the poster, refusing the separation between high arts and crafts minors: the painting becomes a decorative element.
In Switzerland, one can also mention the name of Andre Evard .
Graphic Arts
Book covers to magazine illustrations, advertising posters for decorative panels, typography news postcards, Art Nouveau has left its mark. Of the many authors who adonnèrent, the most influential is undoubtedly the Czech artist Alfons Mucha . Her designs gained international fame through the delicacy of his drawings, which included most often the female figure as the central figure, surrounded by arabesques of natural elements. Her style, used mostly in the works of a commercial nature was imitated by the illustrators of his time.
Also included Aubrey Beardsley as one of the original Art Nouveau artists, his illustrations in black and white projecting a very personal style earned him the admiration of his contemporaries, despite the controversy and irreverence untied by the themes he chooses to illustrate Note 3 .
Other posters are famous Charles Rennie Mackintosh (member of the movement Arts and Crafts ), Privat Livemont , Koloman Moser , Eugène Grasset and Franz von Stuck .
In typography, many character designs are done in the spirit of Art Nouveau, with, among others, Eugene Grasset and George Auriol (fonts Auriol , French light ) in France, Otto Weisert ( police Böcklin Arnold , 1904) in Switzerland ...
The foundation of the Art Nouveau was a revolt against the limits of national arts. It appears when the industrial civilization matures in terms of technical, business opportunities with very internationalized. It was that art can monitor and ensure its national framework became increasingly narrow and increasingly heavy symbolically 2 .
Art Nouveau was accused of being unbearable by the nationalist movement in the years 1904-1905 where the associations of French far-right condemn Hector Guimard , we talk about style tapeworm of style noodle . This is the total rejection and does not hesitate to use the same rhetoric that to the Jews: the artists are against the nation and must be eliminated ... Art Nouveau is condemned by the exhibition of 1900 , Hector Guimard n ' is not present, Henri Sauvage either, any more than the Belgian artists, there is not an official work in Art Nouveau style are all Gabriel , the most modern fighting against Louis XVI and Art Nouveau 2 .
In the great stories of European architecture of the xx th century , from the 30s and throughout the years 40-50, the major historians like Nikolaus Pevsner , Siegfried Giedion or Henry Hitchcock , do no account of Art Nouveau. And early versions of " Genius of the European architecture "Pevsner mention neither Guimard, or Gaudi . In fact, these authors are struggling to situate art in a new historical perspective and have difficulty accepting the challenge to the assertion of a structure (steel, glass ..) clear, straightforward and very assertive.
Chair Panton , an example of organic design
In the 30s, the Surrealists were deeply involved in the rehabilitation of Art Nouveau. Salvador Dali publishes an article in the journal Minotaure , broadcaster of surrealist thought, which is called " the terrifying and edible beauty the Modern style . This article is illustrated by the most modern photographers like Brassai who orders a report on Dali entries Guimard Metro night. Another report was commissioned Man Ray to the architecture of Gaudí. André Breton shared this apprehension of the Art Nouveau manner reminiscent of Dali's "libidinous forms of Art Nouveau." But above Dali sees a great way to fight against Le Corbusier as Art Nouveau architecture is a dreamlike, erotic and much closer to the pace of man 1 . At the same time, Dalí discovered the work of the painter Clovis Funk - he presented himself as a "survivor of 1900" - that enthusiasm for her lack of self-censorship and recurrent references to Art Nouveau. It was also during these years 1930 that the Finnish designer Alvar Aalto designs sinuous, free and expressive, evocative of the most abstract creations of the Art Nouveau 5 .
The chair " Snail "by Carlo Bugatti chair prefigures " Floris "of Günter Beltzig or the famous " Panton Chair "created in 1959 by the Dane Verner Panton and has since become a classic contemporary design. As for the creations of Carlo Mollino , in the 1950s, they recall the frames of furniture Gaudi 5 .
The publication of the first major books on Art Nouveau is made in the late '50s with Johnny Wats. In retrospect it is mostly reproductions of posters and materials have attracted new art becomes accessible to people who do design . The grounds will be included in the 60's by the young artists graphic designers. Two dates explain this knowledge: the organization in 1963 at the Victoria and Albert Museum of London exhibition in 1966, Mucha and an exhibition on the artist Aubrey Beardsley , two key events in the rediscovery of Art Nouveau.
In 1966, the sculptor Francois-Xavier Lalanne revives the project of the Art Nouveau to grasp the nature to improve the living environment of modern man. That same year appear to San Francisco the first posters psychedelic whose graphic resume some themes of Art Nouveau as the hair, the peacock and the female form 5 .
